Billy Boston and Russian Caucasus Essay

Billy Boston and Russian Caucasus Essay Billy: Boston and Russian Caucasus Essay Police sealed off densely populated portions the Boston metro area early Friday after a violent night of chasing the Boston Marathon terror suspects left one of the men and a police officer dead. The city's subway, bus and Amtrak train systems have been shut down. Taxi service across the city was suspended. Every Boston area school is closed. Police shot one of the men dead after a wild car chase through Watertown in which authorities say they hurled explosives at pursuing officers. Several sources told CNN that the dead suspect has been identified as Tamerlan Tsarnaev, 26. The one still being sought is Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, age 19. He had bullet wounds and injuries from an explosion, according to officials. The second man apparently escaped on foot. the Russian Caucasus and had moved to Kazakhstan at a young age before coming to the United States several years ago. The man identified as Tamerlan Tsarnaev, the older brother, had studied at Bunker Hill Community College and wanted to become a engineer The man died at Beth Israel Hospital. They ordered one suspect out and commanded him to strip down completely naked before putting him in a patrol car, which did not leave the scene. The man was later released and is not a suspect in the case. The brothers that set off the explosions have signed their own death warrants. Within 48 hours the FBI was able to identify and locate them. They killed one brother and the other barley escaped on foot. FBI and local police

How to Write a Visual Analysis Essay

How to Write a Visual Analysis Essay How to Write a Visual Analysis Essay Visual analysis essays are usually written for English, Art and History classes. The principal thing in this kind of essays is to use various concepts of visual analysis and choices, and engage them in a written form. It may sound difficult and intimidating to write a visual analysis essay but visual analysis is simply colors, shapes, ideas, concepts, forms, etc. Taking into account all these elements, you have to extract a thesis for the essay and defend it. Personal responses are the central and the most essential piece in writing a visual analysis essay. The language used in the essay should be precise and simple. It is very important to note that the language in the visual analysis essay should be descriptive and should consist of formal observation. In its core, a visual analysis essay will simply describe an artwork, illustration or any other visual subject, will reveal a specific feature or will examine the artwork as a whole from the perspective’s point of view. But let’s be more precise and present more details on how to write a visual analysis essay. One of the most specific things in writing a visual analysis essay is that usually, it is brief and very precise; however, if in your instructor notes the vice versa is stated explicitly you will have to follow it. As any type of essay, the visual analysis one will consist of introduction, body and conclusion. Introduction of visual analysis essay An introduction in visual analysis essays is usually short, not exceeding two sentences. The purpose of the introduction is to present an artwork to the audience that is going to be examined, your attitude towards it and the response you are looking for. Very often the introduction is not even given separately but it is attached to the first paragraph of the visual analysis essay. We all know that the purpose of the introduction, apart from stating our thesis and perception towards this specific piece of artwork, is also to capture attention of the audience. But how can you achieve this since you are bound to have a specific number of words? One of the ways to do that is to start with a strong statement. For example, let’s say that you have to write a visual analysis essay on the painting â€Å"The Battle of Nashville† by Howard Pyle. For the ones who are not familiar with it and do not want to search it online we can say that the painting represents the battlefield in which an army is advancing towards its enemy. The painting is dark and full of violence and terror. Here, with one sentence we managed to state our attitude and response to the piece of art. But if we want to make our opening stronger and more influential we can start, for instance, with the following question: can war and violence be justified? You can therefore add a sentence that by examining the painting of Howard Pyle and observing the terror and violence on the faces of the soldiers made you once again realize the insanity of war and violence, or you can go in the other direction. The most important thing, however, in the opening of the visual analysis essay is to introduce the audience with the artwork that is going to be examined and to state your attitude and the response you are looking for. Body of visual analysis essay You move on with the so-called body of the visual analysis essay. However, before starting to write it, it will be good if you spend some time observing the object of art on which you are going to write. Examine it in detail. Be precise. Consider carefully the colors, composition, size, texture, space and all other possible visual attributes that affect your perception. Then formulate your thesis. The following step is to support your thesis with an analysis of the art object. Write and analyze the object as a whole, the techniques that are being used, the lines, the colors, shape and everything else that will support your thesis and reach to the response you are looking for. Again, you should only address to those elements of the art piece that support your thesis. Organize them in logical manner, depending of their strength, reflect on why you have chosen to discuss them precisely and discuss the relationship between them. Use specific vocabulary; for example, words like: linear perspective, foreshortening, demonstrate, intend, and show, etc.. Conclusion of visual analysis essay After you have finished with the body of your visual analysis essay, you move to the conclusion. The conclusion must be strong and written in a perceptive manner. Here it is not necessary to restate your thesis but to strengthen and form it for one last time. You may keep one last interesting fact for the conclusion in order to make it more trustworthy and convincing. Always proofread your essay.

Which directrion will Cloud Computing take us Essay

Which directrion will Cloud Computing take us - Essay Example One of the themes that have been captured in this section is the threat posed by cloud computing on programming. This study will explore how this happens. The research concludes with lessons for the future and recommendations based on findings in the field of cloud computing. Background Information. Cloud computing is the fastest growing part of Information Technology. It is regarded as the fifth generation of computing after the mainframe, personal computer, client-server computing, and the web. It confers tremendous benefits to customers and users (Bechtolsheim, 2008). Experts have estimated that by the year 2012, the size of cloud computing infrastructure market will rise to $42 billion, up from $billion in 2008 (Bechtolsheim, 2008). This trend is as a result of the high growth rate in cloud spending, six times faster than the traditional IT spending. Stanley, states that public cloud workloads are expected to increase at the rate of 50% in the next three years, twice as the market currently expects (2011). Cloud computing represents a different way to architecture and managing remote computing resources. Its simplicity is evident in that one just needs to open an account with a service provider to start building and providing application systems into a cloud. The increased connectivity and increasing amount of data has led many service providers to employ large infrastructures with dynamic load and access balancing. This explains the reason behind the rapid growth in cloud computing. Service provider have been handing out and reproducing data across servers on demand, thereby improving the utilization of resources. This has enabled web servers to offer accessibility across multiple servers and routes according to the traffic (Jefrey, K. and Lutz, 2010). Cloud computing is not a novelty. It dates back to the 1990s where the ability of active traffic switching to stabilize utilization and to indicate virtualization of telecoms infrastructure became in use. Other data centers employed methods to maintain scalability and reliability in order to ensure the availability o f their hosted data. In the recent times, multiple cloud domains have emerged which explains the reason behind the many definitions and meanings of cloud computing. There are expectations in the industry that cloud model will find further uptake in future as means to manage the infrastructure of providers and provide small units with the capacities of a larger communications beyond their means. Warr (2009) says that big companies have an advantage over smaller ones as they can afford to expand their own data centers, unlike their counterparts who have house their IT infrastructure in someone else’s facility. cloud computing has enabled the development of coloration centers where multiple customers can locate network, server and storage assets, and connect to a wide range of telecommunications and other network service providers with minimum cost and complication (Warr, 2009) There exist various definitions and interpretations of cloud computing/cloud, hence one can only give a representative and not a comprehensive definition of the term (ELC, 2010). Lutz and Jeffrey define cloud as an elastic execution environment involving numerous stakeholders and providing a metered service at several granularities for a particular level of quality. Cloud computing is defined as the active provisioning of IT capabilities-‘hardware, software or services’- from third parties above a network-system (Warr,2009). ELS define it as an outsourcing of IT infrastructures via the internet. It saves the agony of maintaining hardware and software

Ctva fi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ctva fi - Essay Example Essentially, the company has lived up to the trend of creating such message as to entice more followers and determine how further reception by new generation of drinkers would fare. In the similar manner, ‘The Vampire Diaries’ of the CW Network manages to be conveyed out of compelling twists and creativity patterned after Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight saga. As one of the TV series aiming to be bought into by the common market of Goth vampire dramas just like Coke among its contemporaries, the series developers and producers have opted to function around the concept of youth empowerment by designating strong characters to the cast that are made to portray ordinary students of a university who are bound to discover their unique individual powers and destined fates in the process after Stefan and Damon initiated certain changes. The program appears to catch chief attention through the irresistible charms among Elena and the two male vampire counterparts in a love triang le as intense as the scenes that mean to exhibit possibilities of fusion between classic tales and urban legends.

Licensing and Professional Organizations Research Paper

Licensing and Professional Organizations - Research Paper Example I decided to work in the Family Practice Clinic, as it will suit my passion of serving all from the young to the elderly who may have different difficulties due to their ages. Family nursing practitioner roles requires nurses to be registered nurses in order to serve as primary and as specialty health care providers. FNPs work with patients throughout their lives, conducting exams, diagnosing illnesses, prescribing medication and therapy, conduct routine checkups, and assisting in minor surgical procedures. Working in family nursing organization requires one to dedicate his profession in serving the patients as their sole care provider while also running own private practices. Offering of these requires the nurses to be well structured, multifaceted, independent, and to have a patient facing mentality (Mason, Leavitt & Chaffee, 2013). In family nursing organization, advocacy is the cornerstone of the complete nursing procedures. Nurses usually advocate causes, patients, and the profession itself. The main advocacy in the organization, motivated by the moral and ethical principles will be seeking to influence different policies in the primary health care sector. The influence would be through arguing or pleading within the economic, political, and social systems in an effort to promote the nursing fraternity in offering family nursing services. The aim of the organization is to coordinate care on a large scale among families adhering to the organizational scope of delivering high quality care to the patients. In this case, communication will be the main governing tool. The organization aims at offering patient-centered care, in that the patients would be in active involvement with their care providers in making health decisions. The organization aims at being all round although the roles, medical treatments, medical duties, and pharmacological abilities in the nursing profession depend on state of licensure. The main roles of the nurses in the Family

Importance of Social Interaction in Childcare Environment

Importance of Social Interaction in Childcare Environment The childcare centre I am attached is well organised with wide pathways. They can move freely from one place to another. In this way, this provides opportunities for the children to interact with their peers with the sufficient places. Along the corridors, there are no obstacles blocking their way and is danger free. Toys, books and stationaries are placed in lower cupboards whereby the children are able to reach for them so they feel independent and competent so they will less likely to disturb their friends. The classrooms have quite a number of low shelves and dividers to divide the spaces out for different kinds of activities carried out by the teachers. In the dramatic play corner, there are insufficient materials for the children to play. Therefore, there will always have friction to argue who should play which toys. In order to prevent such things from happening again, the school should ensure there are enough toys provided in the dramatic corner to allow the children to play in a purposeful manner. They should also limit the number of children going in to dramatic play corner to ensure that the toys in there are sufficient for the allowed number of children. This would then discourage negative behaviour in the children where they have to fight over for the toys. Children participating in cooperative activities are less likely to behave aggressively and more cooperative even during unstructured times. The classrooms mark the boundaries clearly by placing mats around the floor, this allows children to be able to focus and concentrate more on the activities that they are engaged. When the children are having some quiet activities like reading and writing, they should be located away from classrooms where children are more likely to be more active and noisy. In this way, they can concentrate better in their activities. Social context is a framework that shows us what kinds of attitudes and behaviours are expected, accepted and valued in a setting. Sense of community consists of cohesiveness, friendliness and cooperation. Children participating in cooperative activities in class are less likely to behave aggressively and be more cooperative even during unstructured times. (Kaiser, B. Raminsky, J. S. (2010) Cooperative activities purpose is that all the children will benefit and they success as a whole class. For example, the teacher can plan do outdoor activities like passing around the hoola hoops. All the children need to form a circle and holding each other hand. A hoola hoop is placed at the arms of two children. The challenging part of this game is that the children cannot let go of each other hand when passing the hoop around the circle. As teachers, we have to be their role model. It is important that we speak to the children nicely instead of shouting. Therefore, this would help to build a positive social climate, hence children will less likely to show challenging behaviours. We must be a good role model for the children as they would tend to follow what we do, thus we have to be cautious of our own body language and actions that we do in class. This is to instill core values in them and also to create positive social climate. We have to be caring towards the children and try to become their friends. This will make the children close to us as they start to believe and trust in us. Having more group works than individual work, this would encourage the children to have more interaction with other classmates. Children need to make friends so that they will not show challenging behaviours. We only teach when the children are calm down. This is because they would not be able to listen to us when they are not calm. During the class-running this is what I observed. The theme for that day was on garden. During art and craft lesson, the children were given a piece of paper of vegetable salad each. They were instructed to do colouring, cutting and pasting. They are independent enough to do this activity by themselves. Next, they had their science lesson. The teacher used National Geographic Young Explorer magazine to teach them. The magazine was about tomatoes. The children had their tasting session whereby the teacher would prepare some tomatoes for them to taste. After the tasting session, they write their reflection about the experience of eating tomatoes on their journal. In their journal, they wrote about â€Å"How was the texture?†, â€Å"How did it taste?†, â€Å"Did you like eating it?† and draw your tomato plant. I find that the tasting session is very successful. The teacher made sure that the children were not rowdy during the lesson. The tasting session made the lesson very interesting and fun. Children were able to learn and play at the same time. Another successful was teaching using National Geographic Young Explorer magazine. Children could absorb a lot of information at young age. They were exposed to different things and this will help them greatly in the future. The classroom rules are raise hand to speak, talk softly, clean up eating area after meal time and put things back to their original place. I think this is successful in somewhere, but it is also unsuccessful too. It is unsuccessful because young children do not talk softly in class. They tend to talk a bit louder and during lesson, they just talked whenever they want. They would not raise up their hands to speak. However, it is successful because they were taught to put things in the correct place at young age, thus this would let them know that no one will help them to clear things up after used. They were also required to tidy up the eating area after their meal time. This became their habit to do it. In small group, there are a lot of movement and talking among the children. They would be very engaged in the activities. This enhanced their motivation and having more involvement in learning. They will also be energized and motivated to complete the task. Group discussion can help to increase interaction with different races. Children should respect each other races and religion and not being racist against them. The teacher in the childcare entre that I was attached planned creative arts. The teacher cut different shapes of the potatoes, then she divided the class into small groups. In each group, there must be different races and genders. The children chose the different shapes of potatoes and dipped into the different colours of paints onto their paper. The children was very enthusiasms towards this activity. Through this activities, the children can learn through play. Through group discussion, they can develop greater communication skill with their peers as they can voice out their ideas across to their classmates. Children contribute to one another’s learning by helping, supporting, encouraging, motivating and praising each other’s work. For example, when the teacher is busy teaching one child who has difficulties in their work, she is unable to attend to another child who also has problem with the assignment. Therefore, she can ask the other children who have finish their work to help the child. In large group discussion, all the children gather together in front for the same activities. This gives the children to recognize their classmates. Whole group times for young children include such activities as dramatic play, outdoor play and brainstorming. In the childcare centre that I am attached to, the classroom has a dramatic play corner to role playing. They have different types of themes like bakery shop and doctor’s clinic. The children take turns to play the different roles. These activities encourage social interaction with peers.

General Henry Arnold and The United States Airforce Essay -- Military,

It can be argued that General Henry â€Å"Hap† Arnold is the father of the United States Air Force. His experiences, wisdom, and foresight are what made him, in every way, a visionary leader. Due to his efforts developing air mindedness during the first part of the 20th century, he shaped what is today the greatest Air Force on the planet. I will begin by explaining his effective use of transformational leadership and the impact it has on the development of airpower. Then I will explain how his acceptance of diversity impacted the war effort during WWII and the future of the United States Air Force. First, we must know what shaped him into the leader he eventually became. Hap Arnold started out his military career somewhat average. He attended the United States Military Academy graduating in 1907. While at the academy he was not a stand out student. Hap was so average he received an assignment to the infantry, instead of the cavalry, which was highly coveted at that time, similarly to getting accepted to pilot training out of the U.S. Air Force Academy today. In 1911 he became one of the first Army aviators and even won the Mackay trophy for taking a biplane to an altitude of 6,540 feet, a record at the time (Glines, 2006). The early days of military aviation was not without danger. Hap almost died when his plane when into an uncontrolled spin. After that experience he gave up flying, stating, â€Å"I cannot even look at a machine in the air without feeling that some accident is going to happen to it (Glines, 2006).† Billy Mitchell brought him back to the flying world in 1916. While stationed in San Diego he was able to get over his f ears and return to flying. He filled several positions during his career; supply officer, Sq... ...emier airpower in the world shows this. He moved the Air Corps from a small fighting force to, at the time of his retirement, the cusp of its own service. His actions were truly transformational. He also embraced diversity. By championing women pilots he showed the aspects of an inclusive environment. If it wasn’t for this average cadet we would not be discussing to aspects of what makes a visionary today. Bibliography Daso, M. D. (1994, January 25). DTIC. Retrieved from DTIC: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a282164.pdf Glines, C. (2006, June 12). General Henry H. 'Hap' Arnold: Architect of America's Air Force. Retrieved from Historynet.com: http://www.historynet.com/general-henry-h-hap-arnold-architect-of-americas-air-force.htm Parrish, D. B. (2008). Hap Arnold Biography. Retrieved from National WASP Museum: http://waspmuseum.org/hap-arnold-biography/

Token Economy

Leadership Model Jim Forrest was a skilled professional in related issues managing in substance abuse. Forrest had the opportunity to utilize his abilities as a lead in a mental health center. Forrest began his search for new employees by interviewing each person the same. Forrest talked to each candidate in the same style rather than finding out their strengths and weaknesses so he would have a better idea of where to place them to assist with client care. Although Forrest noticed positive change in client care, he also noticed concerns with his employees slowly surfacing.Forrest began to question his professional relationship with each member of his staff. It is important to recognize leadership comes in various styles to provide applicable direction to accomplish specific objectives in the workplace. Supervisory leadership must discuss the task and goals set for the organization clearly to its employees. Contingency Theory believes individuals are different; therefore there is not one way that is the best way of leading a team. Contingency Theory takes a look at the bigger picture that contains dynamics about supervisory leadership skill and other variables within the circumstances.Success of any organization is influenced by a variety of reasons, one of which is leadership style. One style of leadership may not be appropriate in some cases, however may be best in others. Supervisory Process There are 4 main steps in the supervisory process. The first is the beginning phase of the purpose of the supervisor. One of the elements of this process is obtaining reviews from staff and discussing concerns and ideas to make working together more productive (Lewis, Packard, & Lewis, Chapter 7, 2007).In case 7, Jim did not get feedback from his new staff about the implementation of the token economy. The middle phase of the process is the stage where Jim should have realized that his way was not working for everyone; he should have been open minded and ready to make ch anges when concerns were voiced to him, instead he thought that giving them freedom to make their own schedules they should be following the way he wanted things to be done.At this point Jim should have discussed issues and created an action plan. Jim is now in the facilitative confrontation phase (Lewis, Packard, & Lewis, Chapter 7, 2007), problems have began to surface and Jim hears complaining, with the incident of no one being there when he needed Jim will need to sit and discuss his role with the staff and their issues with the way things are being ran.The transition phase is when changes are made (Lewis, Packard, & Lewis, Chapter 7, 2007). If Jim follows through with the confrontation phase, he may be ready to compromise token economy and focus on rules and regulations to get everyone on the same page to productively help clients. Reference Lewis, J. A. , Packard, T. , & Lewis, M. D. (2007). Management of Human Service Programs (4th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoe nix eBook Collection database..

British Poor Law Reform in the Industrial Revolution

British Poor Law Reform in the Industrial Revolution One of the most infamous British laws of the modern age was the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. It was designed to deal with the rising costs of poor relief, and reform a system from the Elizabethan era unable to cope with the urbanization and industrialization of the Industrial Revolution (more on coal, iron, steam) by sending all able-bodied people in need of poor relief into workhouses where conditions were deliberately harsh. The State of Poverty Relief Before the Nineteenth Century The treatment of the poor in Britain before the major nineteenth-century laws depended on a large element of charity. The middle class paid a Parish poor rate and often saw the increasing poverty of the era merely as a financial worry. They often wanted the cheapest, or most cost-effective, way of treating the poor. There was little engagement with the causes of poverty, which ranged from illness, poor education, disease, disability, underemployment, and poor transport preventing movement to regions with more jobs, to economic changes which removed domestic industry and agricultural changes which left many without jobs. Poor harvests caused grain prices to rise, and high housing prices led to greater debt. Instead, Britain largely viewed the poor as one of two types. The ‘deserving’ poor, those who were old, handicapped, infirm or too young to work, were considered blameless as they obviously couldn’t work, and their numbers stayed more or less even across the eighteenth century. On the other hand, the able-bodied who were without work were considered ‘undeserving’ poor, thought of as lazy drunkards who could have got a job if they needed one. People simply didn’t realize at this point how the changing economy could affect workers. Poverty was also feared. Some worried about deprivation, those in charge worried about the increase in expenditure needed to deal with them, as well as a widely perceived threat of revolution and anarchy. Legal Developments Before the Nineteenth Century The great Elizabethan Poor Law Act was passed at the start of the seventeenth century. This was designed to fit the needs of the static, rural English society of the time, not that of the industrializing centuries afterward. A poor rate was levied to pay for the poor, and the parish was the unit of administration. Unpaid, local Justices of the Peace administered the relief, which was supplemented by local charity. The act was motivated by the need to secure public order. Outdoor relief – giving money or supplies to people on the street – was coupled with indoor relief, where people had to enter a ‘Workhouse’ or similar ‘correctional’ facility, where everything they did was tightly controlled. The 1662 Act of Settlement acted to cover up a loophole in the system, under which parishes were shipping sick and destitute people into other areas. Now you could only receive relief in your area of birth, marriage or long-term living. A certificate was produced, and the poor had to present this if they moved, to say where they came from, impinging on freedom of labor movement. A 1722 act made it easier to set up workhouses into which to funnel your poor, and provided an early ‘test’ to see if people should be forced in. Sixty years later more laws made it cheaper to create a workhouse, allowing parishes to team up to create one. Although the workhouses were meant for the able-bodied, at this point it was mainly the infirm that were sent to them. However, the Act of 1796 removed the 1722 workhouse act when it became clear a period of mass unemployment would fill the workhouses. The Old Poor Law The result was the absence of a real system. As everything was based on the parish, there was a huge amount of regional diversity. Some areas used mainly outdoor relief, some provided work for the poor, others used workhouses. Substantial power over the poor was given to local people, who ranged from honest and interested to dishonest and bigoted. The whole poor law system was unaccountable and unprofessional. Forms of relief could include each rate payer agreeing to support a certain number of workers – depending on their poor rate assessment - or just paying wages. The ‘rounds’ system saw laborers sent round the parish until they found work. An allowance system, where food or money was given out to people on a sliding scale according to family size, was used in some areas, but this was believed to encourage idleness and poor fiscal policy among the (potentially) poor. The Speenhamland System was created in 1795 in Berkshire. A stop-gap system to stave off mass destitution, it was created by the magistrates of Speen and quickly adopted around England. Their motivation was a set of crises which occurred in the 1790s: rising population, enclosure, wartime prices, bad harvests, and fear of a British French Revolution. The results of these systems were that farmers kept wages down as the parish would make up the shortfall, effectively giving employers relief as well as the poor. While many were saved from starvation, others were degraded by doing their work but still needing poor relief to make their earnings economically viable. The Push to Reform Poverty was far from a new problem when steps were taken to reform the poor law in the nineteenth century, but the industrial revolution had changed the way poverty was viewed, and the impact it had. The rapid growth of dense urban areas with their problems of public health, housing, crime, and poverty was clearly not suited to the old system. One pressure to reform the poor relief system came from the rising cost of the poor rate which rapidly increased. Poor-rate payers began to see poor relief as a financial problem, not fully understanding the effects of war, and poor relief grew to 2% of the Gross National Income. This difficulty was not spread evenly over England, and the depressed south, near London, was hit hardest. In addition, influential people were beginning to see the poor law as out of date, wasteful, and a threat to both the economy and the free movement of labor, as well as encouraging large families, idleness, and drinking. The Swing Riots of 1830 further encouraged demands for new, harsher, measures on the poor. The Poor Law Report of 1834 Parliamentary commissions in 1817 and 1824 had criticized the old system  but offered no alternatives. In 1834 this changed with the creation of the Royal Commission of Edwin Chadwick and Nassau Senior, men who wanted to reform the poor law on a utilitarian basis. Critical of amateur organization and desirous for greater uniformity, they aimed for the ‘greatest happiness for the greatest number.’ The resulting Poor Law Report of 1834 had is widely regarded as a classic text in social history. The commission sent out questionnaires to over 15,000 parishes and only heard back from around 10%. Then they send assistant commissioners to roughly a third of all poor law authorities. They were not seeking to end the causes of poverty – it was considered inevitable, and necessary for cheap labor – but to change how the poor was treated. The result was an attack on the old poor law, saying it was costly, badly run, out of date, too regionalized and encouraged indolence and vice. The suggested alternative was the strict implementation of Bentham’s pain-pleasure principle: the destitute would have to balance the pain of the workhouse against getting a job. Relief would be given for the able-bodied only in the workhouse, and abolished outside it, while the state of the workhouse should be lower than that of the poorest, but still employed, laborer. This was ‘less eligibility’. The 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act A direct response to the 1834 report, the PLAA created a new central body to oversee poor law, with Chadwick as secretary. They sent out assistant commissioners to oversee the creation of workhouses and the implementation of the act. Parishes were grouped into unions for better administration – 13,427 parishes into 573 unions – and each had a board of guardians elected by ratepayers. Less eligibility was accepted as a key idea, but outdoor relief for the able-bodied wasn’t abolished after political opposition. New workhouses were built for them, at the expense of the parishes, and a paid matron and master would be in charge of the difficult balance of keeping workhouse life lower than paid labor, but still humane. As the able-bodied could often get outdoor relief, the workhouses filled with the sick and old. It took until 1868 for the entire country to be unionized, but the boards worked hard to provide efficient and occasionally humane services, despite sometimes difficult agglomerations of parishes. Salaried officials replaced volunteers, providing a major development in local government services and the collection of other information for policy changes (e.g. Chadwick’s use of the poor law health officers to reform public health legislation). Education of poor children was begun inside. There was opposition, such as the politician who referred to it as the â€Å"starvation and infanticide act†, and several locations saw violence. However, opposition gradually declined as the economy improved, and after the system became more flexible when Chadwick was removed from power in 1841. Workhouses tended to swing from nearly empty to full depending on the bouts of periodic unemployment, and the conditions depended on the generosity of the staff working there. The events in Andover, which caused a scandal for the poor treatment, were unusual rather than typical, but a select committee was created in 1846 which created a new Poor Law Board with a president who sat in parliament. Criticism of the Act The evidence of the commissioners has been called into question. The poor rate was not necessarily higher in areas making large-scale use of the Speenhamland system and their judgments on what caused poverty were wrong. The idea that high birth rates were connected to allowance systems is now also largely rejected. Poor rate expenditure was already falling by 1818, and the Speenhamland system was able to mostly disappear by 1834, but this was ignored. The nature of unemployment in industrial areas, created by the cyclical employment cycle, was also misidentified. There was criticism at the time, from campaigners who highlighted the inhumanity of the workhouses, to Justices of the Peace upset they had lost power, to radicals concerned with civil liberties. But the act was the first national, monitored central government program for poor relief. Outcome The basic demands of the act weren’t being properly implemented by the 1840s, and in the 1860s the unemployment caused by the American Civil War and the collapse of cotton supplies led to outdoor relief returning. People began to look at the causes of poverty, rather than simply reacting to ideas of unemployment and allowance systems. Ultimately, while the costs of poor relief initially fell, much of this was due to the return of peace in Europe, and the rate rose again as the population rose.

World Population Growth essays

World Population Growth essays In October, 2011, the worlds population had reached another milestone, 70 billion people. The worlds population has doubled and tripled throughout the years. According to the United Nations, the worlds population is most likely to reach 100 billion by 2083. One of the reasons for the rapid population growth is technological development. If you look into charts that show how world population changes throughout time, you will clearly discover a rapid growth after every significant event in development, such as the Industrial Revolution. Every time we make another major improvement in technology, we push environmental capacity to another limit. We mined, farmed, built power plants and so on to make the earth more suitable for us to inhabit, which in turn leads to population growth. Another reason for population growth lays in improvement in health care. People live longer and longer these days. Back in 20th century, the worlds average life expectancy was about 30 years old and now, after only 100 years, we have doubled that number. The worlds average life expectancy in 2012 is 68 years old, and in some countries, like Japan, people are even expected to live over 80. With improvement in medicine and health care, we reduced the death rate dramatically, which has no doubt contributed to the population growth. With people living longer, we are facing another problem, population aging. Take my country, Taiwan as an example. According to Taiwans Council for Economic Planning and Development, Taiwans aging index is 76.8% (population age over 65 divided by population age under 15) in 2012, making it one of the worlds fastest ageing countries. As a result, my country is now suffering from lack of labor, shortage of health care resources, and more. This situation is commonly seen all over the world, mostly in developed countries. And it seems that the developing countries in different areas ...

Discuss the arguments for and against compulsory audit firm rotation Essay

Discuss the arguments for and against compulsory audit firm rotation and also for and against a total ban on audit companies(by which is meant firms of accountants) carrying out non-audit services - Essay Example the perspective of having an audit firm safeguard their rights where the key objective of the audit firms has become the maximization of profit, where they mostly only look to cover their own risk. The Enron and World Call scandal gave rise to a controversy where the auditors actually provided a helping hand to their audit client in carrying out and concealing fraud and other deceptive acts which resulted in huge losses to the shareholders, the employees and other related stakeholders alike. These incidents not only affected the companies but also prove to be an alarming event for the audit firms as well as the regulatory bodies to enhance their capabilities in providing a safeguard to the rights of the shareholders as well as other associated individuals. This also provided a need for the regulatory bodies to take some stringent measures in implementation of controls for appointment and rotation of auditors as well as the restriction of audit companies to be involved in provision of non-audit services to their clients which overshadows the social responsibility of the auditor and turns it in to a business perspective. The recent incidents of corporate frauds have mobilized the regulatory bodies in the United Kingdom to establish and implement controls governing the audit of companies listed in the London Stock Exchange, which ensure that the auditors don’t stay long enough at a certain client where such a relationship is established between the two, where the auditor may disregard the social responsibility to safeguard the rights of the stakeholders. The main causes of impaired independence, which can be cured by audit rotation, are persistent close relationship with the client, keenness to satisfy the client and fear of losing the client where any fraud related issue is identified during the audit. If the audit company is rotated from time to time, the audit company will not have to fear for losing the client in case it highlights or reveals any fraud,

Cadez and Guilding (2008) Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cadez and Guilding (2008) Organization - Essay Example Costing a. Attribute Costing b. Life cycle Costing c. Quality Costing d. Target Costing e. Value Chain Costing 2. Planning, control, and performance measurement a. Benchmarking b. Integrated Performance Measurement 3. Strategic Decision Making a. Strategic Costing b. Strategic Pricing c. Brand Valuation 4. Competitor Accounting a. Competitor cost assessment b. Competitive position monitoring c. Competitor performance appraisal 5. Customer Accounting a. Customer Profitability Analysis b. Lifetime Customer Profitability Analysis c. Valuation of Customers as Assets In this paper the strategic management technique of Benchmarking has been presented and defined, along with its benefits for the organisation. Benchmarking and its Benefits for the Organisation: This is the process of comparing ones internal processes with the processes of a company in the same industry, to identify discrepancies. The aim of this activity is to identify the best ways of carrying out a process. When undertakin g this process a company can also analyse the business practices of firms in different industries, and find out what are the key processes in these industries, by doing this a firm can know which processes can be tailored to fit their business model and what are the most effective ways of performing these processes. There are numerous measures which can be assessed in this way, for instance financial parameters, management parameters etch. However the most focused business variables that are subjected to this tool are time, quality and cost (Zairi, 1998). Through the process of benchmarking a company can find out the potential a process carried out by it can achieve. For instance if a competitor is carrying out the same business processes and is achieving a larger output as compared to the company, than there exist some problem with the company’s internal processes. Since the productivity level that can be accomplished is not being accomplished, the company needs to take corr ective measures to raise its productivity (Cooper and Kleinschmidt, 1995). From a competitive point of view, if a company is competing for a order that needs order fulfilment in a lesser amount of time, than the order placing firm will check the production capacity of each of the competing firms. In case a company has remained oblivion to the production capacity of its competitor, who presumably is having a higher production capacity, it can fairly be inferred that the order placing entity will opt for the firm which has greater production capacity. Thus, ever company is obligated to explore the processes of its competitors and other firms in different industry so that it can continually upgrade its own internal processes (Vorhies and Morgan, 2005). After a company decides, which business process it wants to benchmark and how it is going to benchmark it, than it needs to analyse the leader firm in this process and specifically find out how they accomplished such proficiency (David,à ‚  1995). The practice of benchmarking is not an end in itself. It is a part of a bigger initiative, to undertaking business process re-engineering. This process redefines and reconfigures the standard operating procedures of the company’s department or process that is being benchmarked. By doing this the company is trying to neutralise the competitive or process advantage of its competitor firm